What is checkpoint inhibitor colitis?

Checkpoint inhibitor colitis is a severe, autoimmune-related inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can develop as a side effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. These drugs are used to treat various types of cancer, including melanoma, lung cancer, and kidney cancer, by blocking proteins that prevent immune cells from attacking cancer cells. However, this can also negatively impact the immune system, leading to an attack on the cells lining the digestive tract.

Symptoms of checkpoint inhibitor colitis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, fever, and weight loss. It can also lead to complications such as dehydration, malnutrition, and intestinal perforation. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild to life-threatening.

The diagnosis of checkpoint inhibitor colitis is typically made through endoscopic examination of the colon and biopsy of affected tissue. Treatment options may include steroids and immunosuppressive drugs to reduce inflammation and improve symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.

The prognosis for checkpoint inhibitor colitis depends on various factors, including the severity of symptoms, the duration of treatment, and the underlying cancer. With appropriate treatment and management, most patients can recover from this condition. However, some patients may experience long-term digestive system damage and chronic gastrointestinal problems.